In conclusion, a new vaccine formula can be chosen for the delivery of intradermal route to exclude the possibility of local reactions in the muscle and generate protective immunity against an FMDV challenge. Of the oil-based adjuvants selected in this study, ISA 207 was effective in eliciting immunogenicity in intradermal vaccination. Importantly, the formation of granuloma in muscle could be excluded in the intradermally vaccinated group. When the same amount of an FMD virus (FMDV) antigen was administered to pigs, both the intradermally and intramuscularly vaccinated groups were protected completely against a challenge of the homologous FMDV, but the intramuscularly vaccinated group showed an overall higher level of neutralizing antibodies.
This study compared the immune responses of intramuscular and needleless intradermal vaccination in pigs. Therefore, it is important to establish an FMD vaccine and vaccine delivery tool that offers better immunity and safer application. The administration of FMD vaccines containing oil-based adjuvants in pigs can induce the formation of granuloma in the muscle of the vaccinated, which makes these vaccines a less preferable option. The effective prevention of this disease requires the use of high-quality vaccines to meet the criteria that enable customers to use them simply. Vaccination is one of the most effective ways of controlling and preventing foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks.
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